This circuit is called a Data Selector (or multiplexer), and it allows you to choose between two signals (or streams of data) with one input. It has three inputs; two different ones with signals, and one to choose which signal comes out the output wire.
This uses three logic gates, which are small digital circuits that perform logic operations with electric signals; for example, an AND gate's output is high (electrified) only if both inputs are high. As can be seen in the picture above, this Data Selector has two AND gates and one NOT gate, which outputs the opposite of the input signal.
My Data Selector is very small; most have many more inputs. This one probably isn't useful for anything, circuits like these are almost always parts of much more complex circuits, usually contained within chips or CPUs in electronics.
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